The last Yellowstone eruption was 638,000 BC. Called a super volcano the eruption was so powerful that it turned particles of sand into tiny slivers of glass. Animal fossils of the period show a type of bone disease which only occurs by lung damage. Science now knows that the Yellowstone Caldera sets over one of the earth's "hotspots". The lava stem is about 450 miles underground and rises at a slight angle. Heavy ash from the explosion fell about 1000 miles from the crater. Since about 1920s-30s water in one of the crater's lakes is being pushed north, because the south end is bulging upward. there have been 15 eruption from this caldera over the last one million years. Seventy thousand years ago another Super volcano exploded on the island of Toba in the Indonesian Pacific. This explosion is thought to be the most powerful to ever occur on earth. This occurred at about the start of the last interglacial period. The effect was felt all the way to Africa. Some scientist believe there were about 150,000 people on earth at that time. Global temperatures dropped about five degrees for many years. Today human genetics have been traced to a small "bottle neck" of perhaps as few as two thousand of our ancestors that survived. These numbers do not seem to account for the Neanderthal people, they are know to have existed almost 300,000 years, including a lap-over in Europe with Cro-Magnon as recent as perhaps 20,000 years ago. The extinction of Neanderthal may have been a combination of this new natural blow to life on Earth and the better hunting skills, or hunting methods of the Cro-Magnon. |
||
|
General Overview - All dates are AD unless noted - Credits are listed as "(5)" at bottom of page |
||
|
I find it interesting that the old word for knife or short sword is Seax, and the old spelling for Saxon is seaxe. While Angle is the same as today, but the Jutes are not mentioned in my available literature at all. Spelling used here is faithful to the original. |
||
| 9000 BC | First evidence of plant domestication in hills above Tigris river | |
| 3000-500 BC | In Europe the language is Proto-Indo-European-Germanic. Extensive Migration of Indo-European speakers to India, Greece and Western Europe. Neolithic Age: Indo-Europeans living in North Central Europe. | |
| 3000 BC | (5) The copper culture starts in Asia Minor and Europe and North America. Mining operations for pure copper start in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Some researchers have theorized that possibly the Rock Lake Wisconsin area became a winter base camp below the heavy snow line for the foreign miners who call their site TYRANENA 1 perhaps based from the native American languages or of their own creation. From TYRANENA 1 the traders travel down the Rock River to the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico and to distribute the copper cargo and some may possibly sail across the Atlantic back to North Africa and Europe with their rough copper ingots. The TYRANENIANS' build rock pyramidal structures and tombs for their dead on the banks of a small lake in a valley where a river runs through. (Note 01) | |
| 1200 BC | (5) The first great Michigan mining epoch ends and possibly with it any further transatlantic trade as the need for copper is smaller as the bronze age draws to a close, as Iron is found to be a more suitable metal. Mining operations end on Michigan's Upper Peninsula. TYRANENIANS pack up and go home. The postglacial activity fills this small glacier-created valley and the structures are inundated and thereby protected. Local Indians regard this area as off limits and sacred. They can still see the tops of the 'Rock Tepees' as evidence to their oral history of the "Foreigner Kings" who came to this the area. Later geological data confirms several prehistoric and historic water level rises. | |
| 700 BC | Hand Pollination of Date Palm by Assyrians and Babylonians | |
| 500-0 BC | The language is Germanic. Celts in Britain. Contact of Roman Empire with Germanic peoples. | |
| 0-300 | The language is West Germanic. Expansion and power of the Roman Empire. Britain is under Roman control and influence. Growth and migrations of Germanic tribes. | |
| 43-447 | Christianity is the major religion, although most believe Druidic influence still existed. | |
| 300-500 | Language is Proto Old English. Breakup of the Roman Empire and the invasion of Britain by Anglo-Saxons. | |
| 373 & before | The Huns and Magyars (Hungarians) arrived in Scythia from the region of Meotis (Sea of Azov), near Persia. The Huns expelled the Russniaks living there. | |
| 373 & after | Attila began the onslaught of the rest of Europe. | |
| 410 | Alaric the Visigoth and
his forces sacked the city of Rome. I believe: The Visigoth were being pushed by Attila - They were allowed to cross into Roman territory but were otherwise ignored and were starving. |
|
| 447-613 | The coming of the English. The date 447 is now agreed upon by many scholars as the date of arrival of the first Germanic tribesmen in Britannia. These tribes are most often referred to as Saxon, although, in the beginning they were more probably Jutes, Angles, and Frisians. The name for England is derived from the Angles. Octa and Ebusa, sons of Hengist, arrived with forty ships. They sailed round the country of the Picts, laid waste the Orkneys, and took possession of many regions, even to the Pictish confines and near the wall called Gual. They were given kingship of the countries in the north. | |
| 451 | Attila lost a major battle against Roman Legions commanded by a boyhood Roman friend who had learned the tactics of the Huns. It is possible that Attila would have captured all of Gaul had he won this battle. | |
| 451 | Jutes and Frisians move into what is now Kent. | |
| 452 | Attila marched on Rome, but after a meeting with Pope Leo I, did not attack Rome, the city. | |
| 455-488 | Hengeist - Kent | |
| 476 | Danes control the Jute's old territories. Angles and Saxon joined the move and now control all of SE Britania. | |
| 477-491 | Ælle - Sussex | |
| 488-512 | Aesc - Kent | |
| 500-700 | Language is Early Old English. Conversion of Anglo-Saxons. Northumbrian culture. Earliest surviving literature. | |
| 512-540 |
Octa - Kent |
|
| 528 | Danes control Angles old territory, now Denmark, while Anglo/Saxons controlling all of SE Britania have extended north to include present day Northumberland, which in those days extended above the current Scottish border. The western Roman empire has dissolved. | |
| Before 535 | In Mongolia the Avars were masters: They had many horses and invented stirrups to improve their fighting ability, especially with bow and arrow. During the disaster of the long period of cold, the Avars lost most of their horses, because horses can't eat the bad grasses that cattle can. | |
| 535-541 |
When the sun went out. There was extreme cold, drought, famine, starvation, Cities
emptied of life. more |
|
| After 535 | Soon after 535 the Turks took over control of the Steps. // Teotehucan, a city of 150,000, the people became sickened, mothers were in horrible health, the population collapsed, it took 300 years for a new civilization to build and replace. // Islam started around this time. | |
| 540-565 547-560 |
Eormenric ruled in Kent. Ida ruled in Northumbria and reigned 12 years, he built Bamburgh. |
|
| 550-600 |
Between 550 AD and 600 AD a "mega El Niño" occurred in the Moche area of what is now Peru. Massive rainfall in the coastal regions for years was followed by years of drought, that totally destroyed the Moche civilization. Large numbers of skeletal remains of young men were found by archeologist, cut marks proved they were sacrificed by the Moche to appease the Gods - it didn't work. Mid century Constantinople, a terrible plague, the counters stopped counting. rats breed much faster in cold Climates. | |
|
560-568 568-572 572-579 579-585 580/590-616 585-593 604-616 |
Ælle I - ruled in Northumbria Æthelric ruled in Northumbria Theodric ruled in Northumbria Frithuwald ruled in Northumbria Æthelberht I ruled in Kent - May also be spelled Ćthelbert, Aethelberht, Aethelbert, or Ethelbert. Hussa ruled in Northumbria Æthelfrith ruled in Northumbria - Killed in battle against Raedwald of East Anglia, who installed Edwin son of Ælla |
|
| 616-640 | Eadbald ruled in Kent | |
| 616-633 | Edwin ruled in Northumbria - Son of Ælla, he was later recognized as "Bretwalda" meaning "Over Lord or High King". He conquered the Isle of Man and Gwynedd in northern Wales. Edwin was killed at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633. | |
| - | After Edwin's death, Northumbria was split between Bernicia and Deira. | |
| 632-750 | Islam rising - Muhammad began preaching Islam at Mecca before migrating to Medina, from where he united the tribes of Arabia into a singular Arab Muslim religious polity. He died at the age of 63 in the year 632 which began the rise of the caliphate and began a long civil war. | |
| 633-634 | Osric ruled in the Deira part of Northumbria - Osric was a cousin of Edwin. Osric was killed the following year probably in battle against Cadwallon who was constantly warring. | |
| 633-634 | Eanfrith ruled in the Bernicia part of Northumbria - Eanfrith was a son of Æthelfrith. Eanfrith was killed the following year probably in battle against Cadwallon who was constantly warring. Cadwallon was killed by Oswald in 634 | |
| 634-642 | Oswald ruled in Northumbria | |
|
640-664 642-670 642-651 650-671 660 |
Earconbert
ruled in Kent |
|
|
664-673 671-685 |
Egbert I ruled in Kent Ecgfrith ruled in Northumbria |
|
|
673-685 675 |
Hlothere ruled in Kent |
|
|
685-686 685-705 |
Eadric ruled in Kent Aldfrith ruled in Northumbria |
|
| 690-725 | Wihtred ruled in Kent | |
| 700-1000 | Language is Old English. Danish and Norse raids and invasions. Alfred and the ascendancy of Wessex. Establishment of the Danelaw. Cynewulf, Aelfric, and other writers emerge. | |
|
702 702 705-706 706-717 |
Nothelm (aka Nunna) Watt ruled in Sussex Eadwulf ruled in Northumbria Osred ruled in Northumbria |
|
| 711 | Muslims conquered and held Spain for 800 years | |
| 715 | Æthelstan ruled in Sussex | |
|
717-719 725-? |
Coenred ruled in Northumbria Eardwulf ruled in Kent - son of Eadberht I; reigned jointly with Æðelberht II; contemporary with Archbishop Cuðbert (740-760) |
|
|
750 760 725-748 725-762 |
Æthelbert ruled in Sussex Osmund ruled in Sussex - jointly with Oswald, Ælfwald, and Oslac. Eadbert ruled in Kent son of Wihtred; reigned jointly with his brothers Æðelberht II and Ælfric; Died about 762 Æthelbert II ruled in Kent - son of Wihtred; reigned jointly with his brothers Eadberht I and Ælfric, and nephew Eardwulf |
|
| 762-763 |
Sigered ruled in Kent |
|
| 763 |
Ealhmund ruled in Kent |
|
|
764-765 767 770 773 |
Heahbert ruled in Kent |
|
| 779 | Egbert II ruled in Kent | |
| 784 | Ealhmund ruled in Kent | |
| 789: | The first three ships filled with Northmen from Horthaland landed. | |
| 793: | In this year fierce, foreboding omens came over the land of Northumbria, There were excessive whirlwinds, lightning storms, and fiery dragons were seen flying in the sky. These signs were followed by great famine, and on January 8th of the same year, the ravaging of heathen men destroyed God's church at Lindesfarne. | |
| 793-796 | Eadbert ruled in Kent | |
| 796: | An eclipse of the moon occurred on March 28th between Cock-crow and dawn. | |
| 800: | Deposits laid down in a stalagmite found in an Alpine cave has enabled a European team to confirm a Medieval Warm Period between AD 800 and 1300. | |
| 800: | Another eclipse of the moon occurred on January 16th, in the 2nd hour of the night. | |
|
825-839 again in, 856-858 836: |
Æthelwulf ruled in Kent There was a great battle with 25 ship companies of Danes at Carhampton. The Danes held the field. |
|
| 865: | A great heathern force swarmed over Northumbria, burnt churches, villages, and crops in a wide radius of York. They burnt the School and Library. The brilliant cultural life of the north was obliterated. It's history for the remainder of the century is known only from chronicles kept elsewhere. | |
| 870: | The Fourth Council of Constantinople, 869-870 & the following council 879-880 represent a break between East and West Catholicism. | |
| 946-955 | Eadred | |
| 955-959 | Eadwig "the all fair" | |
| 959-975 | Edgar "the peaceful" | |
| 975-978 | Edward II "the martyr" | |
| 1000-1150 | Language is Late Old English. Viking raids; Danish kings of England. Norman conquest. Replacement of native ruling class with French speakers | |
|
978-1013 1014-1016 |
Æthelred II the
"Unready". "Unready" is from Anglo-Saxon unræd, meaning
ill-advised. a son of King Edgar and Queen Ælfthryt.
His reign was much troubled by Danish, or Viking, raiders.
Æthelred was only about 10 (no more than 13) when his half-brother
Edward was murdered, and was not personally suspected of
participation. But as the deed occurred at Corfe Castle by
the attendants of Æthelred's mother it made it more difficult for the
new king to rally the nation against the invader, especially as a
legend of St Edward the Martyr soon grew. Later Æthelred ordered a
massacre of Danish settlers in 1002 and also paid tribute, or
Danegeld, to Danish leaders from 982 onwards. In 1013, Æthelred fled to Normandy and was replaced by Sweyn, who was also king of Denmark. Æthelred returned as king after Sweyn died the following year of 1014. |
|
| 1014 | Swein "forkbeard" | |
| 1017-1066: | The Danish period. Danish kings did not rule all of England, just much of the eastern half. | |
| 1055: | The first mention of the name Ogle in available data. However, the word Thorpe of the name Oglethorpe is a "Viking" word meaning near, that might move the date to the 800s. You can't be near what is not there. However, the 1055 date fits well with the start of Danish control of that part of England. | |
| 1066-1087 | William I - | |
| 1087 | William II | |
| 1095 - 1099 | First Crusade - On 27 November 1095, Pope Urban II called together the Council of Clermont, and urged all those present to take up arms under the sign of the Cross and launch an armed pilgrimage to recover Jerusalem and the East from the Muslims. The response in Western Europe was overwhelming. The specific crusades to restore Christian control of the Holy Land were fought over a period of nearly 200 years, between 1095 thru 1291. The Crusades originally were launched in response to a call from the Christian Byzantine Empire for help against the expansion of the Muslim Seljuk Turks into Anatolia. | |
| 1100 | Henry I | |
| 1101 | Crusade - part of first | |
| 1107 - 1110 | Norwegian Crusade - part of first | |
| 1135 | Stephen | |
| 1147-1149 | Second Crusade // The Northern Crusades contemporaneous with the Second, ranged from the 12th to the 16th century. | |
| 1150-1300 | Language is Early Middle English. Gradual loss of continental possessions of English Kings. Continued dominance of French speakers in Politics, law and Church. Beginnings of revival of English in literature. | |
| 1154 | Henry II | |
| 1187-1192 | Third Crusade | |
| 1189 | Richard I | |
| 1199 | John | |
| 1202-1204 | Fourth Crusade - Included the Albigensian Crusade and the Children's Crusade | |
| 1216 | Henry III | |
| 1217–1221 | Fifth Crusade | |
| 1228–1229 | Sixth Crusade | |
| 1232 | Chinese were using explosive missiles, or war rockets, for military purposes. It would not be long before the long bow would be out of use for the military. | |
| 1248–1254 | Seventh Crusade | |
| 1270 | Eighth Crusade | |
| 1271–1272 | Ninth Crusade | |
| 1272 | Edward I | |
| 1300-1475 | language is Middle English. Hundred Years War. Growth of Nationalism; decay of feudalism, Chaucer, Gower, Langland, "Gawain poet", Wyclif, Mystery and morality plays. | |
| 1307 | Edward II | |
| 1312 | The close adviser and probable lover of Edward II, Piers Gaveston, was murdered by a group of barons frustrated with their king's ineffectual rule. The next year the beleaguered king produced the son who became Edward III. | |
| 1327 | Edward III | |
| 1327 | Queen Isabella deposed her husband King Edward by force of arms. But Edward did not cease making trouble. Mortimer, the right hand man (some say lover) of the queen, charged 3 men including a William Ogle, with the task to dispose of the King. This they did and three years later were tried but allowed to escape abroad. This being 1327 abroad might have been across the channel to warm France, over the waves to green Ireland, or even to cool high Scotland. I will guess Scotland since Northumberland is just over the border | |
| 1347-1351 | The Black Death epidemic is estimated to have killed as much as 30-60 percent of the population of Europe. The plague is thought to have returned every generation with varying virulence and mortality until the 1700s. During this period, more than 100 plague epidemics swept across Europe. On its return in 1603, the plague killed 38,000 Londoners. Other notable 17th-century outbreaks were the Italian Plague of 1629–1631, and the Great Plague of Seville (1647–1652), the Great Plague of London (1665–1666), and the Great Plague of Vienna (1679). There is some controversy over the identity of the disease, but in its virulent form, after the Great Plague of Marseille in 1720–1722, the Great Plague of 1738 (which hit eastern Europe), and the Russian plague of 1770-1772, it seems to have disappeared from Europe during the 19th century. (Wikipedia) | |
| 1358-1370 | Illustrated Chronicle of Mark Kalt presents the origins and history of the Huns and Magyars (Hungarians), two tribes. This codex was written in Latin between AD 1358 and 1370 | |
| 1377 | Richard II | |
| 1399 | Henry IV | |
| 1410 | That he (Sir Robert Ogle) was not buried there (St. Mary’s porch of the parish church of Whalton per his will) seems to be explained by the fact of there having been a plague raging at Hexham up to the year, 1410 (BOB pg 41) and the body could not be moved there. | |
| 1413 | Henry V - 1422: Henry VI | |
| 1420 - 1460 | Sir Robert Ogle of Northumberland was retained as Knight by Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury. | |
| 15 September 1436 | Battle of Piperden where Scots under William, 2nd Earl of Angus, defeated English forces led by Percy and Sir Robert Ogle, near Berwick. | |
| 1443 | Mentioned: Margaret Ogle; m. Sir Robert Harbotel, d. 14 Mar 1443. | |
| 1455 | In May During the "War of the Roses" the knight Sir Robert Ogle and his 600 Marchmen broke the barriers and led the attack into the town square of St. Albans. King Henry, along with most of his army, was captured. | |
| A younger daughter of Lord Ogle of Bothal castle in Northumberland was the mother of William Cavendish of Welbeck and Bolsover. He was Lord Lieutenant of Notthinghamshire and Derbyshire. | ||
| 1461 | Edward IV | |
| 1475-1650 | language is Early Modern English. Caxton and printing. Renaissance Humanism. Revived study of Greek and Latin classics. Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton, Biblical translations. Age of discovery and exploration. | |
| 1483 | Edward V | |
| 1483 | Richard III | |
| 1485 | Henry VII | |
| 1495 | On this same day and place (Bedlington 28 July 1495) an inquisition postmortem was held for William Ogle - his son Gawin is his heir. | |
| 1509 | Henry VIII | |
| 1521 | November 13 Henry VIII(1521). Indenture of Mortgage by Thomas Lord Dacre of Gillysland to Robert Lord Ogle the manor of Netherton, Northumberland. Dame Anne, wife of Lord Ogle is mentioned. | |
| 1547 | Edward VI | |
| 1553 | Mary I | |
| 1550 (LIA) | The Little Ice Age (LIA) Begins. It is generally agreed that there were three minima, (the coldest periods) first about 1650, second about 1770, and third about 1850, each separated by slight warming intervals. | |
| 1558 | Elizabeth I was made Queen after her brother's will (Edward VI) was set aside - he had bequeathed the crown to Lady Jane Grey his first cousin. | |
| 1578 | July 20 Elizabeth (1578), (1) Right honorable William Howard, alias Lord William Howard and Dame Elizabeth, his wife (2) Thomas Ogle of Hepscott, Gentleman. Grant of village, town or Hamlet of West Duddon, Northumberland, in the parish of Stannington, for 21 years. Signed Thomas Ogle. | |
| 1580s | Cuthbert, seventh Lord Ogle of Bothal was the last of the aristocrats in Northumberland. | |
| 1588 | Spanish Armada attacked England. In their attempt to return to Spain they were forced to sail north around. This was one of the worst years of the "Little Ice Age", Temperatures were below freezing in September. Storms sank 56 ships of the Armada, the surviving ships were so badly damaged they were scrapped. | |
| 1598 | The outlaw David Elliot killed William Ogle. David Elliot was found holed up under the "protection" of the land sergeant Thomas Carleton. On July 4, 1598 members of the Ogle Clan caught and executed the outlaw. Carleton was outraged that anyone would dare challenge his authority. When he caught up with the Ogles they tried to placate him. He would have none of it and with his 6 men, charged into the Ogles with gun and sword flashing. An Ogle quickly shot him dead and his other men retreated. The Ogles were later tried but I have found no record of punishment. | |
| 1603 | James I | |
| 1606 |
Mentioned: (New Co. History of
Northumberland, vol XIV P328; Hodson, Northumberland VolII, PartII, P.113)
follows: Phillis Ogle, d. 1606 - Daughter of John Ogle // ?? Barbara who married John Ogle of Ogle Castle may have been Daughter of Ralph Fenwick of Stanton, J.U. // ?? Ralph Fenwick; M. Barbara Ogle, Daughter of John Ogle. b. Ogle Castle |
|
| 1611, 1619 (MinSS) | Minimum Sun Spots (MinSS) | |
| 1612 | Sir John Ogle Knight: Member or investor in the third Virginia Charter, verified 12 march, 1612 by order of King James I. | |
| 1625 | Charles I | |
| 1634 (MinSS) | ||
| 1636, 1646 | According to "The Kings War" a book by C. V. Wedgewood, Thomas Ogle advised King Charles I of a possible method to end the civil war. This is a most interesting book. The conditions in England at this time (plague 1636, 1646 sets the stage for the great migration to the Americas and Australia, and became the precursor of America's liberty. | |
| 1645 (MinSS) | ||
| 1645-1715 (LIA) | Right in the middle of the Little Ice Age, solar activity as seen in sunspots was extremely low, with some years having no sunspots at all. This period of low sunspot activity is known as the Maunder Minimum. The low solar activity is also well documented in astronomical records. Astronomers in both Europe and Asia documented a decrease in the number of visible solar spots during this time period. | |
| 1649 | Commonwealth | |
| 1650 (1st minima) |
April 27 - The Battle of Carbisdale: A Royalist army invades mainland
Scotland from the Orkney Islands but is defeated by a Covenanter army. June 23 - Claimant King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland arrives in Scotland, the only one of the three Kingdoms that has accepted him as ruler. |
|
| 1650-1800 | Language is Later Modern English. Settlement of America and growth of the British Empire. Opening of India and the Orient. Beginnings of industrial and scientific revolution. Augustan Age and Enlightenment. | |
| 1655 (MinSS) | ||
| 1660 | Charles II | |
| 1665-1666 | The Great Plague - a fifth of the population of London died in the Great Plague. | |
| 1666 (MinSS) | ||
| 1680 (MinSS) | ||
| 1685 | James II | |
| 1685 | On 7 Aug 1685 William Ogle conveyed a messuage (a farm?) in Long Horsley to Robert Bullman for £300. | |
| 1689 | William III & Mary II | |
| 1690, 1698 (MinSS) | ||
| 1702 | Anne | |
| 1714 | George I | |
| 1727 | George II | |
| 1739-1740 | Admiral Sir Chaloner Ogle (1681-1750) is mentioned in the book "The WHIG Supremacy 1714-1760" by Basil Williams, as commanding a fleet to the West Indies 1739, and reconnaissance of the French-Spanish fleet 1740. | |
| 1741 | English fleet under Admiral Ogle begins assault on Cartagena. | |
| 1760 | George III | |
| 1770 (2nd minima) | March 5 - Boston Massacre: 5 Americans killed by British troops in an event that would help start the American Revolutionary War 5 years later. Benning Wentworth, colonial governor of New Hampshire died. (b. 1696) | |
| 1776 | The "Little Ice Age" hit again, in December, Washington and Troops crossing the Delaware were in danger of being sunk by ice flow. Two of his men froze to death on the march to Trenton. | |
| 1800-2007 | Language is Recent and present day English. Independence and expansion of U.S. General education and literacy, Acceleration of scientific, industrial and technological research and development. Journalism, telephone, radio, motion pictures and television. | |
| 1815 (-1816)(LIA) | The volcano named Tambora in
Sumbawa, Indonesia erupted. The eruption caused the "Year
without a Summer" where daily minimum temperatures were abnormally low
in the northern hemisphere from late spring to early autumn.
Famine was widespread because of crop failures.
Prior to the eruption, the volcano may have been as tall as 13,000
feet (4,000 m). The 1815 eruption formed a caldera about 4 miles
(6 km) in diameter. The caldera is 3,640 feet (1,110 m) deep.
The eruption was the largest in recorded history to date. About
150 cubic kilometers of ash were erupted (about 150 times more than
the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens). Ash fell as far as 800
miles (1,300 km) from the volcano. See
footnote 1 Throughout the "Little Ice Age", the world also experienced heightened volcanic activity. 1816, became known as the Year Without A Summer, when frost and snow were reported in June and July in both New England and Northern Europe. |
|
| 1816 | Mary Shelley at nineteen started the novel Frankenstein which has become better known as Frankenstein's Monster, at the Chapuis in Geneva, Switzerland. Mary completed the novel in May of 1817 and it was published January 1, 1818. The weather went from beautiful to tempestuous. Torrential rains and incredible lightning storms plagued the area, similar to the summer that Mary was born. This incredible meteorological change was due to the eruption of the volcano Tambora. Once again it is volcanoes that wreck havoc on the weather. It is mentioned that the year Mary was born there was also bad weather, so did another volcano blow in 1797-98, if so which one. | |
| 1820 | George IV | |
| 1830 | William IV | |
| 1837 | Victoria | |
| 1845-1851 (LIA) | Irish Potato Famine, is the name given to a famine in Ireland between 1845 and 1851. Though to have killed from 500,000 to one million Irish. | |
| 1850 (3rd minima) | The last Minima when our current warming cycle started. | |
| 1866 | Mendel published a major set of principles on heredity based on tracking pea plants | |
| 1883 | more | |
| 1901 | Edward VII | |
| 1902 | Last Known Knighted Ogle in England | |
| 1953 | James Watson and Francis Crick identify the double helix structure of DNA. | |
| 1991 | The Pinatubo eruption caused a 2 degree drop in temperature around the globe. | |
| 1. Sources:
1). Francis, P., 1994, Volcanoes a planetary perspective: Oxford University Press, New York, 443 p. 2). Self, S., Rampino, M.R., Newton, M.S., and Wolff, J.A., 1989, Volcanological Study of the Great Tambora Eruption of 1815: Geology, v. 12, p. 659-663. 3). Sigurdsson, H., and Carey, S., 1989, Plinian and Co-Igmibrite Tephra Fall from the 1815 Eruption of Tambora Volcano: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 51, p. 243-270. 4). Stothers, R.B., 1984, The Great Tambora Eruption of 1815 and Its Aftermath: Science, v. 224, 1191-1198. 5). Rock Lake Research Society. |