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TIME LINE: HUMAN MIGRATION --
Posted Aug 20, 2009:
The Genographic Project is creating a picture of when and where ancient humans moved around the world by mapping the genetic
markers in modern peoples. These great migrations eventually led the descendants of a small group of Africans to occupy even the farthest
reaches of the earth. I discovered that this project only uses
the first 12 markers of the genealogical genetic coding.
Therefore these data are not as detailed as, for instance, the data at
FTDNA. I have even written them about the disparity in one of my
markers between FTDNA and Geo - their response was that different uses
sometimes produces different results - not very satisfying.
Still, give or take a few thousand years this time line should be
useful.
Read more:
http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/episode/the-human-family-tree-3706/Overview66#tab-time-line#ixzz0OqxtNh9B
200,000 – 150,000 years ago: The genetic journey
of everyone alive today began with one woman — “Scientific Eve” — and one
man --- "Scientific Adam" --- who
lived in Africa and passed along their DNA. The mtDNA or mitochondria
DNA was passed from Eve thru her daughters to all women living today,
while the Y-DNA was passed to Adam's sons and on down to those living
today. Skeletal and
archaeological evidence suggest that anatomically modern humans evolved in
Africa around 200,000 years ago, and began moving out of Africa to
colonize the rest of the world around 60,000 years ago.
195,000 years ago: No one knows when modern
humans first appeared, but the oldest skulls and bones of anatomically
modern humans were found in Ethiopia’s Omo River Valley by
paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey in 1967. Our ancient homo sapient
ancestors remained in Africa for as long as three-quarters of our
history as a species.
150,000 years ago: The first branch point on our
human family tree is marked by the earliest major movement of humans:
One group headed to southern Africa and the other to eastern Africa —
and later, to the rest of the world.
130,000 – 70,000 years ago: It is believed that
our cradle of humanity transformed into desert due to constant climate
change from cold to hot, nearly wiping humans off the earth. Based on
the lack of genetic variation from this time, it is possible that the
number dropped to as few as 2,000 birthing women, making us an endangered
species.
70,000 years ago: Climate studies indicate the
drought in Africa subsided for a time and the human population resumed
growing. Archaeological evidence reveals that tools from this period
appear across the continent, and the genetics show new lineages taking
root.
60,000 years ago: (M168) “Scientific Adam” is the common
male ancestor of every living person today and the one who has
provided every male with a Y chromosome. Because he lived in Africa
some 60,000 years ago, the ancestors of all humans living today must have lived there until at least
that time.
50,000 years ago: Some scientists theorize one
wave of humans migrated out of Africa by crossing at the southern tip
of the Red Sea to the Arabian Peninsula (a mere 17 miles apart). It is
unknown whether they would have walked, swam, or rafted.
50,000 years ago: Humans first arrived in
Southeast Asia, perhaps by journeying along the coasts of modern-day
Iran, Pakistan and India. At that time, one continuous landmass
connected Asia with southern Indonesia, just north of Australia.
45,000 – 40,000 years ago: (M89) Archaeological records
show that humans moved into Australia. Their voyage may have been made
possible by the shifting landmasses and lower sea levels of this
glacial period.
40,000 – 35,000 years ago: (M9)(M45) Africans who had moved
into the Middle East during wet climatic periods found themselves on a
vast “steppe highway” that ran to China and Korea. As they hunted
game, these people gradually dispersed along the steppes and populated
much of Eurasia.
40,000 – 35,000 years ago: Despite the conditions
of a frigid ice age, a hardy band of mammoth hunters moved onto the
tundra of southern Siberia. There, they began to develop specialized
cold-climate skills that would allow them to populate northeast
Siberia and eventually North America.
30,000 years ago: There emerged M207, M173 and M343 the direct
descendants of Cro-Magnon.
28,000 years ago: Archaeological evidence
indicates that the Rock of Gibraltar, Europe’s southernmost tip, is
the last place Neanderthals lived in Europe before becoming extinct.
Modern humans later occupied the same site Neanderthals had
established, though the two groups never met at Gibraltar.
20,000 – 15,000 years ago: Some scientists
believe that the first Americans entered the North American continent
through the area now known as Alaska, crossing from Siberia by way of
a temporary “land bridge.” Advanced tools that were popular in Asia
later appeared in North America.
14,000 years ago: Monte Verde is the location of
an archeological site in Chile, where 14,000-year-old bits of seaweed
stuck to the blades of ancient stone tools suggest people were already
living near the bottom of South America earlier than previously
thought. Recently, the Monte Verde site was accepted as a UNESCO World
Heritage site.
11,000 years ago: With the ice age ending, the
landmass binding Russia and Alaska vanished into the sea. The first
Americans would be cut off from the rest of humanity until Christopher
Columbus arrived.
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