R1b1a2a1a1b
R-P312
Defining SNP: P312 (also called S116, rs34276300)
Parent Clade: R-P310
Subclades: Not mine: R-M153, R-M167, R-U152, R-L21
The P312 SNP is downstream of M269 and upstream of the M37, M65, M153,
M167, M222 and U152 SNPs, but not U106. It appears to divide R1b1b2 in
half. Although unpublished it was included in chip-based commercial
DNA tests towards the end of 2007 and analysis of the first available
results in early 2008 by amateur geneticists indicated it has a
significant place in the Y-DNA tree. This led to rapid development of
stand-alone tests by both EthnoAncestry and Family Tree DNA. The
results from customers of these companies and testing of control
samples for the rarer SNPs have confirmed the status of S116 relative
to the above list.
R-M153: This haplogroup has been found mostly in Basques and Gascons,
among whom it makes a sizeable fraction of the Y-DNA pool[15][16][17],
though is also found occasionally among Iberians in general. The first
time it was located (Bosch 2001[18]) it was described as H102 and
included 7 Basques and one Andalusian.
R-M167 (also SRY2627): The first author to test for this marker (long
before modern haplogroup nomenclature existed) was Hurles in 1999[19].
He found it relatively common among Basques (13/117: 11%) and Catalans
(7/32: 22%). Other occurrences were found among other Spanish,
Béarnais, other French, British and Germans.
In 2000, Rosser[20] also tested for that same marker, naming the
haplogroup Hg22, and again it was found mainly among Basques (19%), in
lower frequencies among French (5%), Bavarians (3%), Spanish (2%),
Southern Portuguese (2%), and in single occurrences among Romanians,
Slovenians, Dutch, Belgians and English.
In 2001, Bosch[21] described this marker as H103, in 5 Basques and 5
Catalans. Further regional studies[22] have located it in
significative amounts in Asturias, Cantabria and Galicia, as well as
again among Basques. Cases in the Azores and Latin America have also
been reported. A total of 85 individuals with this haplogroup have
been found so far, almost all of them in academic studies, making it
the best documented R1b1b2 subclade[23].
In 2008, two research papers by López-Parra[17] and Adams[16]
respectively, identified it as very important in all the Pyrenees,
with some presence further south in Iberia (specially in the Eastern
half but also in Northern Portugal). It is specially prevalent among
Catalans, where it includes some 20% of all men.
The R-U152 (formerly R1b1c10) subclade i (also called S28) and its
discovery was announced in 2005 by EthnoAncestry. Although sample
sizes are relatively small, it appears to reach a maximum in Alpine
Germany and Switzerland. Ethnoancestry's commercial and research
branches have shown that U152 is found from Greece westward to the Bay
of Biscay in France. It appears to follow the distribution of the La
Tene Celtic peoples. The percentages here are much less than found in
the Alps. It has yet to be found anywhere in Ireland or Spain.
Northern Italy seems to be a meeting place for both U106 and U152.
Like U106, U152's specifications were not initially officially
published by EthnoAncestry against their previous assertions that data
would be publicly published; but again the marker was subsequently
identified independently by Sims et al (2007). [13]
A recent Y-SNP to surface is S68 which was reported by EthnoAncestry
in 2007. It was originally considered to be what was once referred to
as a "private SNP" and by EthnoAncestry as a "Family SNP", but was
recently seen in someone from another part of Europe, and with a
different surname. It is only with continued research that the time
depth of these markers can be estimated. At present S68 has been seen
in an individual from Scotland and another from Sweden. EthnoAncestry
has determined that this subclade is unlikely to be found in much more
than 2% of the R1b population and is thus not considered a
polymorphism.
Early results as of November 2008 suggest that R-L21 is common in the
British Isles, and is yet to be observed so far in Iberian ancestry.
Its subclade R-M222 is particularly associated with the Irish and
Scots; in this case, the relatively high frequency of this specific
subclade among the population of certain counties in northwestern
Ireland may be due to positive social selection, as R1b1b2a1b6b is
believed to have been the Y-chromosome haplogroup of the kings of the
Uí Néill clan of ancient Ireland.
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