Oghgul Y-DNA Results

Y-DNA Results - FTDNA - Last update 11/24/2007

DYS: locus 1-12	393	390	19/394	391	385a	385b	426	388	439	389-1	392	389-2
locus	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
Ed Ogle	13	24	14	11	12	12	12	12	11	13	13	29
Niall Nóigiallach	13	25 +1	14	11	11 -1	13 +1	12	12	12 +1	13	14 +1	29
Atlantic Modal	13	24	14	11				12		13*	13	29*
Iberia R1b1b2	13	24	14	11				12		13	13	29
Basque Modal	13	24	14	11				NT		NT	13	NT
Irish Modal	13	25 +1	14	11				12		13	14 +1	29

A background color on a number indicates I match the same.

DYS locus 13-25	458	459a	459b	455	454	447	437	448	449	464a	464b	464c	464d
locus	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25
Ed Ogle	18	9	9	11	12	25	15	18	30	15	15	16	17
Niall Nóigiallach	17 -1	9	10 +1	11	11 -1	25	15	18	30	15	16 +1	16	17

DYS locus 26-37	460	GATA H4	YCA II a	YCA II b	456	607	576	570	CDY a	CDY b	442	438
locus	26	27	28	29	30	31	32	33	34	35	36	37
Ed Ogle	11	10	19	23	17	15	19	17	35	35	12	12

DYS locus 38-48	531	578	395S1a	395S1b	590	537	641	472	406S1	511	425
locus	38	39	40	41	42	43	44	45	46	47	48
Ed Ogle	11	9	15	16	8	10	10	8	10	10	12

DYS locus 49-59	413a	413b	557	594	436	490	534	450	444	481	520
locus	49	50	51	52	53	54	55	56	57	58	59
Ed Ogle	22	23	16	10	12	12	15	8	11	24	19

DYS locus 60-67	446	617	568	487	572	640	492	565
locus	60	61	62	63	64	65	66	67
Ed Ogle	15	12	11	13	11	11	12	12

1: (Ed Ogle) Webmaster ; R1b1b2	Yellow designates the value as an Atlantic Modal marker
2: (Jim Ogle) jmgil@ptd.net ; I1c "I" is Scandinavian.	Green designates the match between me and Niall
3: Niall Nóigiallach - Niall of the Nine Hostages - A famous Irish King	2 Additional Atlantic Modal markers can be used in place of DYS388, they are DYS389i = 13 & 389ii = 29

At this point the comparisons below are only those having tested for 37 markers: Less may be valid but certainly needs to be a 100% match to be viable for consideration.

In comparing 37 markers, the probability that Mr. Edward G. Ogle, Sr. and Vassar E. Ogle shared a common ancestor within the last... "from 2000"
2 generations is 8.85% - 1950	4 generations is 29.36% - 1900	6 generations is 51.41% - 1850	8 generations is 69.23% - 1800	10 generations is 81.62% - 1750	12 generations is 89.48% - 1700
14 generations is 94.18% - 1650	16 generations is 96.86% - 1600	18 generations is 98.34% - 1550	20 generations is 99.14% - 1500	22 generations is 99.56% - 1450	24 generations is 99.78% - 1400

In comparing 37 markers, the probability that Mr. Edward G. Ogle, Sr. and Kenneth Eugene Ogle shared a common ancestor within the last... "from 2000"
2 generations is 2.01% - 1950	4 generations is 11.72% - 1900	6 generations is 28.14% - 1850	8 generations is 46.44% - 1800	10 generations is 62.79% - 1750	12 generations is 75.56% - 1700
14 generations is 84.64% - 1650	16 generations is 90.69% - 1600	18 generations is 94.52% - 1550	20 generations is 96.85% - 1500	22 generations is 98.23% - 1450	24 generations is 99.02% - 1400

In comparing 37 markers, the probability that Mr. Edward G. Ogle, Sr. and James Howard Endsley shared a common ancestor within the last... "from 2000"
2 generations is % - 1950	4 generations is 12.15% - 1900	6 generations is % - 1850	8 generations is 47.50% - 1800	10 generations is % - 1750	12 generations is 76.51% - 1700
14 generations is % - 1650	16 generations is 91.24% - 1600	18 generations is % - 1550	20 generations is 97.11% - 1500	22 generations is % - 1450	24 generations is 99.12% - 1400

In comparing 37 markers, the probability that Mr. Edward G. Ogle, Sr. and Dillard D Ensley shared a common ancestor within the last... "from 2000"
2 generations is % - 1950	4 generations is 3.63% - 1900	6 generations is % - 1850	8 generations is 25.74% - 1800	10 generations is % - 1750	12 generations is 56.14% - 1700
14 generations is % - 1650	16 generations is 78.82% - 1600	18 generations is % - 1550	20 generations is 91.13% - 1500	22 generations is % - 1450	24 generations is 96.66% - 1400

In comparing 37 markers, the probability that Mr. Edward G. Ogle, Sr. and Grandson Of Freeman Cratus Childers shared a common ancestor within the last... "from 2000"
2 generations is % - 1950	4 generations is 12.41% - 1900	6 generations is % - 1850	8 generations is 48.13% - 1800	10 generations is % - 1750	12 generations is 77.07% - 1700
14 generations is % - 1650	16 generations is 91.57% - 1600	18 generations is % - 1550	20 generations is 97.25% - 1500	22 generations is % - 1450	24 generations is 99.18% - 1400

In comparing 37 markers, the probability that Mr. Edward G. Ogle, Sr. and Grandson Of Freeman Cratus Childers shared a common ancestor within the last... "from 2000"
2 generations is % - 1950	4 generations is 12.41% - 1900	6 generations is % - 1850	8 generations is 48.13% - 1800	10 generations is % - 1750	12 generations is 77.07% - 1700
14 generations is % - 1650	16 generations is 91.57% - 1600	18 generations is % - 1550	20 generations is 97.25% - 1500	22 generations is % - 1450	24 generations is 99.18% - 1400

Niall Nóigiallach - Niall of the Nine Hostages - I have 16 of 25 markers that match and 9 markers that are 1 marker off, this makes me wonder, since the number of my Irish markers are a near equal to the number of British markers - what exactly gives.

***** Oct 17, 2008 : I have been in contact with a person that works with DNA testing. The relationship I thought I had with the Irish King fellow is, as stated by this fellow “too far in the past to be related in a genealogical time frame”. In other words, the relationship goes so far back that it is untenable in a genealogical sense. BUT ...
*****

***** Nov 8, 2008: Based on more confusing and possibly erroneous calculations, which I will stick with until proven wrong, I have arrived at the following: I have a 50% chance of being related to his 23rd grandson in the year 1032; a 90% chance of being related to his 10th Grandfather in 207 AD; and a 95% chance of being related to his 14th grandfather in 107 AD. The year 1050 is about the end of the last reign of his descendants in Ireland. Not surprisingly close to the year 1055. This again opens the question, is a branch of the Ogle Family actually Celtic.

	50%	90%	95%
25 of 25	3 (75 yrs = the year 1932)	10 (250 yrs = the year 1757)	13 (325 yrs = the year 1682)
24 of 25	7 (175 yrs = the year 1832)	16 (400 yrs = the year 1607)	20 (500 yrs = the year 1507)
23 of 25	11 (275 yrs = the year 1732)	23 (575 yrs = the year 1432)	27 (675 yrs = the year 1332)
22 of 25	15 (375 yrs = the year 1632)	30 (750 yrs = the year 1257)	34 (850 yrs = the year 1157)
21 of 25	19 (475 yrs = the year 1532)	37 (925 yrs = the year 1082)	41 (1025 yrs = the year 982)
20 of 25	23 (575 yrs = the year 1432)	44 (1100 yrs = the year 907)	48 (1200 yrs = the year 807)
19 of 25	27 (675 yrs = the year 1332)	51 (1275 yrs = the year 732)	55 (1375 yrs = the year 632)
18 of 25	31 (775 yrs = the year 1232)	58 (1450 yrs = the year 557)	62 (1550 yrs = the year 475)
17 of 25	35 (875 yrs = the year 1132)	65 (1625 yrs = the year 382)	69 (1725 yrs = the year 282)
16 of 25	39 (975 yrs = the year 1032)	72 (1800 yrs = the year 207)	76 (1900 yrs = the year 107)

A recent study conducted at Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, found that a striking percentage of men in Ireland, and quite a few in Scotland, share the same Y chromosome, suggesting that the 5th-century warlord known as "Niall of the Nine Hostages" may be the ancestor of one in 12 Irishmen. Niall established a dynasty of powerful chieftains that dominated the island for 600 years.

In the study scientists found an area in northwest Ireland where they claim 21.5% carry Niall’s genetic fingerprint, says Brian McEVoy, one of the team at Trinity. The same area of Ireland has previously been the subject of anthropological study…and has shown a strikingly high percentage of men from Haplogroup R1b (98%) versus 90% in southeast Ireland. According to McEvoy this area was the main powerbase of the Ui Neill kings, which literally translated means "descendants of Niall".

McEvoy says the Y chromosome appeared to trace back to one person. Following the genealogists' trail McEvoy comments: "There are certain surnames that seem to have come from Ui Neill. We studied if there was any association between those surnames and the genetic profile. It is his (Niall's) family." McEvoy states: "As in other polygynous societies, the siring of offspring was related to power and prestige." The study mentions that just one of the O'Neill dynasty chieftains who died in 1423 had 18 sons with nearly a dozen women and claimed 59 grandsons.

Niall of the Nine Hostages received his name from the taking of hostages as a strategy for playing mental havoc upon his opponent chieftains. He is known in folklore as a raider of the British and French coasts. Supposedly slain in the English Channel or in Scotland, his descendants were the most powerful rulers of Ireland until the 11th century.

Modern surnames tracing their ancestry to Niall include: Connor, Cannon, Bradley, Campbell, Devlin, Donnelly, Egan, Flynn, Gormley, Hynes, McCaul, McGovern, McKee, McLoughlin, McManus, McMenamin, Molloy, O'Neill, O'Gallagher, O'Boyle, O'Doherty, O'Donnell, O'Reilly, O'Kane, O'Rourke, Ogle and Quinn.

Journal reference: American Journal of Human Genetics (February issue)

Of note to Family Tree DNA customers, this signature is found in 0.6 of one percent of the entire family Tree DNA database.

While the signature is typical for R1b European males in general, it is characterized by 11, 13 at DYS 385a/b and 14 at DYS 392. Within our second panel of markers the most distinctive difference from the R1b Modal is the 15, 16, 16, 17 at DYS 464.

Niall Noigiallach aka "Niall of the Nine Hostages" (d450/455 ad.) was one of the greatest Irish kings. He was said to have consolidated his power by leading raids on the Roman Empire, taking hostages from rival Irish royal families, Britain and the European mainland, thus earning the name Niall of the Nine Hostages? Saint Patrick was said to have been kidnapped and brought to Ireland as one of his hostages during his raids.

Researchers indicate that there could be as many as 3 million descendents of Niall alive today. Most of his descendents are concentrated in northwest Ireland, an area where DNA testing has shown that one in every five males have inherited his Y-chromosome. Studies also that outside of Ireland, approximately one in 10 men in western and central Scotland also carry the gene, and 2% of European American New Yorkers carried it as well, likely due to the historically high rates of Irish emigration to North America.

About Niall:

Niall was the son of Eochaid Mugmedon, an Irish High King, and Cairenn, the daughter of a British king.
Niall was the founder of the dynasty Ui Neill "descendants of Niall".
Ui Neill was one of the most powerful dynasties of ancient Ireland, ruling Ireland until the 11th century.
Niall reportedly raided the coasts of Britain and France and brought St. Patrick to Ireland as a hostage.
Niall was known to be a ruthless leader who took his enemies hostage.
Niall established small kingdoms in Wales and France.
Niall reportedly had 12 sons, many of whom became powerful kings, especially in the northwest. In fact, all but two of the High Kings at Tara were descendants of Niall.
According to tradition, Niall was said to have died outside of Ireland, some sources indicating that he died at sea fighting Eorchaid mac Enna, the king of Leinster and others suggesting that he died fighting against the Picts in Scotland.

Prior to the genetic evidence, there had been doubts that Niall actually existed since he existed prior to written records and is often considered a mythological figure. Sources for Niall's existence as a historical king come from Lebor Gabala Erenn, Annals of the Four Masters, and cronicles and legendary tales such as the Adventure of the Sons of Eochaid Mugmedon, and The Death of Niall of the Nine Hostages. However, the genetic evidence confirms ancient fables about Niall and suggests that he may be the forefather of approximately 3 million men in the world today.

References

High King of Niall: the most fertile man in Ireland
Jan Battles
The Sunday Times, Times Online
Jan 15, 2006

Irish genes span the globe, and one king spawned nearly all
Siobhan Kennedy
The Sydney Morning Herald
January 19, 2006

Irish king left a wide genetic trail
Siobhan Kennedy
11:16 a.m. ET Jan. 17, 2006
MSNBC

Laoise T. Moore,1,* Brian McEvoy,1,* Eleanor Cape,1 Katharine Simms,2 and Daniel G. Bradley1
A Y-Chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland
1 Smurfit Institute of Genetics and 2School of Histories and Humanities, Trinity College, Dublin
Am. J. Hum. Genet., 78:334-338, 2006
Abstract: Seventeen-marker simple tandem repeat genetic analysis of Irish Y chromosomes reveals a previously unnoted modal haplotype that peaks in frequency in the northwestern part of the island. It shows a significant association with surnames purported to have descended from the most important and enduring dynasty of early medieval Ireland, the U?Nill. This suggests that such phylogenetic predominance is a biological record of past hegemony and supports the veracity of semimythological early genealogies. The fact that about one in five males sampled in northwestern Ireland is likely a patrilineal descendent of a single early medieval ancestor is a powerful illustration of the potential link between prolificacy and power and of how Y-chromosome phylogeography can be influenced by social selection.

Credits: The data on Niall Nóigiallach was extracted from the web of DNA Ancestry Project.

FTDNA DYS markers

"FTDNA provides the actual scientific Allele values and DYS numbers for your results unless the markers were discovered at the University of Arizona and do not have a publication schedule. When that situation occurs FTDNA provides your results in "scores" to allow us to use the marker without compromising the discoverer until publication dates have been established. FTDNA reports my results below: Here things are shown based on FTDNA test groupings.

Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH): The Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype is the most common Y-DNA signature of Europe’s most common Haplogroup, R1b. This group experienced a dramatic population explosion over the past 10,000 years, probably since the end of the last Ice Age that covered most of Europe beginning 20,000 years ago and lasting for 10,000 years.

R1b (mine), and its most common Haplotype, exists in high to very high frequencies in all of Western Europe from Spain in the south to the British Isles and western Scandinavia in the north. It appears that approximately 2.5% in Western European males share this most common genetic 12 marker signature and because of its very high frequency we always suggest that for genealogy purposes people in this group should only use our 25 or 37 marker test for their genealogy.

Anthropologists have been describing for many years that only a select % of all the males in past societies did the vast majority of fathering, while other males lost the opportunity to pass on their Y-Chromosomal genes. On a lighter note it’s clear that R1b’s Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype has contributed much more than its ‘fair share’ in populating Western Europe.

As one would expect the AMH is the most common Haplotype in Europe. They are the following markers: DYS19=14, DYS388=12, DYS390=24, DYS391=11, DYS392=13, DYD393=13. In my table above these markers are located at locus (location) 3-8-2-4-11-1. They may be placed at other locus by different testing companies. It also appears I am in a subgroup called HG1 (DYS388 = 12 - DYS390 = 24)

Jim Ogle is an I1c, does anyone remember that diatribe I went thru about Scandinavian ancestry, well that's Jim . Notice that Jim don't carry the AMH codes.

I am a R1b1b2 and I carry all the AMH markers.
(FTDNA extract)

Y-STR Haplotypes discloses European geographic clines. There is a gradient of increasing frequency of these types from East Europe to West Europe. they are at 18% in Europe in general to 33% in Portugal. They follow as: DYS19=14, DYS389i=13, DYS389ii=29, DYS390=24, DYS391=11, DYS392=13, DYS393=13. In my table above these markers are located at locus (location) 3-10-12-2-4-11-1. They may be placed at other locus by different testing companies.

So using the Atlantic Haplotype and the Y-STR Haplotype testing - I am solidly in the European Haplogroup R1b.

*Also known as DYS 394
**On 5/19/2003, these values were adjusted down by 1 point because of a change in Lab nomenclature.

Genetic Distance

When comparing samples we show individuals who are closely matched, but not identically matched, as being different by what the Anthropologists call genetic distance.

If two people were identical in all markers except they are off in one marker by 1 point, the genetic distance would be 1. If they were off at 2 different markers by 1 point in each marker, then the genetic distance of those two samples would be 2. If they were off by 2 points at one marker and 1 point in a second marker, then the genetic distance would be 3. This is called the Stepwise Model of calculating genetic distance for shallow time depths. (i.e. Genealogy not Anthropology)

An example of a genetic distance of 1 is shown below:

Top row are the DYS markers	393	390	19	391	385a	385b	426	388	439	389-1	392	389-2
2nd row shows the locus (location)	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
3rd row are marker points	12	23	14	10	15	17	11	17	12	13	11	29
4th row are marker points	12	23	14	10	14	17	11	17	12	13	11	29

Some markers have shown themselves to be more volatile then others and the population geneticists have created a second model to account for these ‘aberrations’. That model is called the Infinite allele model. For markers that fall into this category, despite the fact that two people could be separated by 2 (or 3) mutations, the scientific assumption is that the change took place in a single generation (between a father and a son) and therefore it is treated as a single step, despite the fact that more then one ‘point’ separates two samples.

Currently the Scientists have asked us to classify DYS 464 and YCAII a and b as following the Infinite Allele Model.

For more on the models used in the scientific community please see this web site built by Dr. Bruce Walsh, a scientific advisor to Family Tree DNA:

http://nitro.biosci.arizona.edu/ftdna/TMRCA.html

Therefore, when you look at your Y-DNA match page and you see a genetic distance of 1 you most likely have a difference from another person as illustrated in the chart above. The same holds true for a difference with a genetic distance of 2…you are off from another person by 2 - single point mutations.

If two individuals match exactly at all loci in a 12 marker test, there is a 50% probability of a MRCA within the last
14 generations (exact value 14.4) or 350 years.

If two individuals match exactly at all loci in a 21 marker test, there is a 50% probability of a MRCA within the last
8 generations (exact value 8.3) or 200 years.
If two individuals match exactly at all loci in a 37 marker test, there is a 50% probability of a MRCA within the last
5 generations (exact value 4.6) or 125 years.

Understanding your 37 markers

Enclosed you will find a Certificate showing that you have had your Y chromosome DNA analyzed by Family Tree DNA.

The results represent your actual allele positions for 37 locations on the Y chromosome, and are listed on your Certificate. All 37 positions are listed on your personal page at the web site. You may directly compared with other lab results, by uploading your results from your personal page to the public Y-DNA database at http://www.ysearch.org/.

These results can be compared to individuals to see how closely or distantly you may have shared that common ancestor. The rate of mutational change is estimated to be approximately 1 change per 500 generations for these loci; however that estimate is currently the subject of scholarly debate. We have noticed during the past 36 months that some of these markers seem to vary faster for some individuals and even families. We expect that in the months to come we will be able to provide mutation rates on a per location basis rather than the current general estimate provided by specialists in this area. Plan on revisiting our web site for information pertaining to this evolving statistic. Since your test used 37 different loci, it is reasonable to expect a change to occur every 12 or less generations; however, these changes happen randomly and therefore can actually happen at any time.

Specifically for genealogists, if you match another person exactly you have a 99.9% likelihood of sharing a common ancestor with that person. This individual is described scientifically as the Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA). Population geneticists then apply a term known as the Most Likely Estimate (MLE) of when your T (time to the) MRCA would have lived, however, that is an estimate and in each individual case the actual generation could be nearer or further from the person tested. For the purposes of scientific discussion, our population geneticist feels that 20 years best expresses a typical generation prior to the Dark Ages and 25 to 27 years per generation for the period thereafter.

Since we are all related to one another if we go back far enough in time, it is important to only consider very close matches when we are using DNA to resolve genealogical questions. We have supplied you with both a graph and a chart to help you better understand the information given.

The Graph: In each case a common ancestor is shared between two individuals. In the case of 37/37 (a perfect match) the common ancestor is considerably more recent. For that reason, many people who share a surname will share a perfect or near perfect match. Many surnames are much older than a few hundred years and two people may share a surname but only match 36/37 or even 35/37. In these cases, as the graph shows, the MLE of when their MRCA lived could be much further back in time. Translation: you are related but probably much more distantly. Please remember that due to the general scientific estimate of the change rate of the various locations of the Y chromosome this is not, yet, a precise science.

Because mutation rates may vary between ethnic groups we provide a conservative estimate. While this may not be as satisfying it tends to error on the side of producing false negatives rather than the opposite. The science of DNA and genealogy is quite new and has been adapted from Anthropology where the MRCA is allowed to be more ‘flexible’.

You are probably focusing on ‘when’ the MRCA actually lived. We have provided a table on the next page to help you better understand this scientific issue. The table, along with additional information available at our web site tells you, with statistical likelihood, the generation when your MRCA would have lived. For example if two people matched exactly, there is a 50% probability that the MRCA was no longer than 5 generations ago and a 90% probability that the MRCA was no longer than 16 generations ago.

In the future, we hope to be able to bring forth examples of individuals related to famous persons in history so that researchers will be able to compare themselves. At that time we will begin to list those historical figures and their alleles on our web site for your comparison.

Bruce Walsh, Ph.D., noted population geneticist from the University of Arizona provides us with this information. An expert on population genetics and statistical applications and co-author of one of the leading texts in this area, Dr. Walsh sits on the Family Tree DNA advisory board. His calculations are the basis for most discussions on the subject of DNA and the Time to the MRCA for genealogy today. A more extensive list of calculations is linked from our web site, as are additional graphs for your benefit.

Date 7/2/2005: Here are the times back to the MRCA when ALL the markers match. These numbers are based in the latest results of the mutation rate study conducted by the University of Arizona. For example, with 37/37 (all 37 markers match), there is a 50% probability that the MRCA was no longer than 2 generations, and a 90% probability that the MRCA was within the last 5 generations. Compare these with 25 and 12 -- with 25 markers, there is a 50% probability that the MRCA was within the last 3 generations, while with 12 markers, there is a 50% probability that the MRCA was within the last 7 generations.

Probability for Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)

Number of Matching Markers	50% probability that the MRCA was no longer than this number of generations	90% probability that the MRCA was no longer than this number of generations	95% probability that the MRCA was no longer than this number of generations
37 of 37	2	5	7
36 of 37	4	8	10
35 of 37	6	12	14

On your certificate, we have listed 37 of the loci that are utilized by the University of Arizona to determine the degree of relatedness, in both genealogical and anthropological terms, of diverse populations. Michael Hammer, Ph.D., who sits on the Family Tree DNA Advisory Board, oversees this work as the director of the Genomic Analysis & Technology Core (GATC) facility. Dr. Hammer also has appointment to the Department of Anthropology and the Department of Ecology. He co-authored the first paper showing that present day ‘Cohanim’ are descended from a single male ancestor and is the discoverer of the ‘YAP’ marker on the Y-chromosome commonly used in population studies today.

Resolution: Your Family Tree DNA test examined 37 specific locations on your Y chromosome. More genetic markers allow us to determine your TMCRA with tighter accuracy and greater specificity as found in the Table on page 2. A greater number of Loci do not increase the chance that you are related to someone. Scientists will tell you that if we go back far enough we are all related however the greater number of markers dramatically reduces your projected TMRCA with another person…the essence of most genealogical pursuits.

Please note on your personal page our database of Recent Ethnic Origins. This is a collaborative project between Family Tree DNA and the University of Arizona. The REO database, accessible from our web sites main page requires a sample code (listed on your certificate), and a privacy code that was emailed to you in the last few days—also at the top of page # 1. If you have misplaced your privacy code you may email info@familytreedna.com to obtain your personal code. This code should not be shared with others, and the code will allow you to order additional tests, or refinements, under your name and using your DNA, from our web site.

Once you have your results you may also want to match your results to Ysearch

For valuable education aids see: http://www.familytreedna.com/links.html

We have plans to continue to offer new innovative ways to trace your families’ anthrogenealogy in the future so it would be prudent to return to the web site from time to time to see what new and innovative opportunities exist for you. While there remember to search for your surname in our Surnames Database Library to see how the Library continues to grow.

It has been a pleasure to serve you. If you have questions please visit our web site at: FamilytreeDNA.com and read our ever-expanding FAQ or inquire via email to info@familytreedna.com.

Family Tree DNA - Genealogy by Genetics, Ltd. 1919 North Loop West, Suite 110 Houston, Texas 77008, USA Phone: (713) 828-4200 | Fax: (713) 868-4584 info@FamilyTreeDNA.com

	12) Most of the cells in our bodies (with the exception of red blood cells) have a nucleus. The nucleus of all of our cells, doesn't matter which cell type, contains chromosomes, and chromosomes are responsible for storing our hereditary information. Chromosomes are made up of DNA (stands for deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA is like a blueprint because it holds the informational code for all of the genetic information for that person. The DNA for each individual is unique to that person.
	13) With the exception of the egg and sperm cell, all of the cells in our body contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 in total. One chromosome from the pair is inherited from our mother and the other one is passed down from our father. This is a picture of all of the chromosomes in a cell (this type of picture is called a karyotype).
	14) Both males and females have 23 pairs of chromosomes. However, in male, the 23rd pair consists of an X-Chromosome and a Y-Chromosome, whereas females have two X-Chromosomes. The Y-Chromosome is special because it carries ancestral information regarding a male's paternal line.
	-- DNA looks like a twisted ladder and is often referred to as a "double helix". The double helix consists of two complementary chains of DNA twisted together.
	22) If we were to hypothetically untwist the DNA strand and lay it flat, it would look like a ladder. The two sides of the ladder are called the DNA's "backbone". The steps inside the ladder are representing "bases". There are 4 types of bases in DNA: A (for adenine), C (for cytosine), T (for thymine), and G (for guanosine). In the DNA strand, A always pairs with a T, and C always pairs with a G. The unique sequence of the A, C, T, and G in DNA forms codes which carry genetic information.
	23) When DNA is deciphered by genetic testing, the DNA code can be written in the following manner: A G C T G G G A C A A T G G G C G C T A G G C C C C C C ... No two individuals (except for identical twins) have exactly the same genetic code and that is what makes everyone unique. However, all males with the same surname who are originated from a common lineage will share the same or very similar genetic code in their Y-Chromosome. Unrelated males from a different family line will have a different Y-Chromosome code.
	-- A male inherits his Y-Chromosome directly from his father. The Y-Chromosome that a male receives from his father is very special because it holds a lot of valuable information about his ancestry. This is because the Y-Chromosome is passed down along the male line, relatively unchanged from generation to generation. A forefather will pass his Y-Chromosome down to all of his sons, and they will then pass it down to all of their sons, and so on throughout the generations along the male line. Thus, males who are descendents of the same line will have the same or nearly identical Y-Chromosomes.
	32) When a Y-Chromosome genealogy test is performed, the laboratory examines specific regions (markers) along the Y-Chromosome called "hypervariable" regions. Hypervariable regions are areas within the Y-Chromosome that may differ greatly between different family lines. The type of hypervariable region which is studied in Y-Chromosome testing is called STR markers (stands for "Short Tandem Repeat" markers). STR markers are regions of the Y-Chromosome where small chunks of the DNA are repeated over and over again. The number of times that these small chunks of DNA repeat themselves in the Y-Chromosome is variable amongst different family lines.
	33) To follow is an example of a Y-Chromosome marker called DYS19. The section of DNA which repeats itself is TAGA. Thus, someone with a DYS19 marker of 6 will have TAGA repeated 6 times. The DNA test will indicate that the DYS19 marker is 6 for this individual. DYS19 = 6. Someone with a DYS19 marker of 4 will have TAGA is repeated 4 times. In this case, the DNA test will indicate that the DYS19 marker is 4 for this individual. DYS19 = 4.
	34) By testing your Y-Chromosome, a DNA laboratory can provide you with your Y DNA markers which is specific for your ancestry. Because all males with the same ancestors will have the same or similar Y DNA markers, you can enter your Y DNA markers into GeneBase to solve questions about your ancestry, to conclusively link family lines and to discover your distant relatives who share a common ancestor with yourself. DNA testing has become the most exciting and fastest growing branch of genealogy.
	35) When a Y-Chromosome test is performed, up to 44 Y-Chromosome markers are analyzed to generate the unique "profile" for that individual. Two males with the same male lineage with the same forefathers will have the same or similar profiles. The closer the match in profiles, the more recently two individuals shared the same forefather. Obviously, the more markers that are tested, the more powerful your test becomes and the more information you will obtain when searching in GeneBase.

I have decided not to put my actual data on my web - As soon as I understand this stuff I will writeup a report.

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